How an Interior Design Studio Stopped Treating Client Deposits Like Revenue
Sam's List Editorial | 2026-07-30
This is an illustrative scenario, representative of the kind of cleanup work described below. Details are anonymized, figures are for illustration, and outcomes vary by situation.
Client deposits are not revenue. They are somebody else's money that happens to be sitting in your bank account.
Every project-based service business learns this eventually, and most of them learn it the expensive way: a great-looking spring, a hiring decision made off that spring, and then a summer where the work has to get delivered on money that was already spent. This representative case study follows an eight-person interior design studio that had exactly that year, and what changed when the books finally separated the two kinds of cash.
The Situation
The studio ran five to seven concurrent residential projects with fees between forty and three hundred thousand dollars. Standard practice was a 50 percent retainer at signing, progress billings at defined milestones, and separate client-funded purchasing for furniture, fixtures and materials, which the studio bought on its own card and rebilled with a markup.
The books recorded all of it as revenue on receipt. Retainers hit an income account. Client-funded furniture purchases hit revenue on the rebill and cost of sales on the purchase. There was no project-level reporting.
The March P&L showed a record quarter and roughly a 41 percent gross margin. The owner, reasonably, hired a junior designer and signed a larger studio lease.
By August the bank balance had dropped by more than half while the P&L still looked fine, and nobody could explain the gap.
Why Client Deposits Are Not Revenue, and Why the Numbers Lied
Two distinct distortions were stacked on top of each other.
The first is timing. A 50 percent retainer collected in February for work delivered from February through September showed up entirely as February revenue. Revenue was being recognized when cash arrived rather than as the studio earned it, which front-loads every project and makes the first month of a new engagement look like the best month the business ever had. The corresponding cost, which is nine months of designer time, landed later.
The second is gross-up. Running client-funded purchasing through revenue and cost of sales inflated both sides of the P&L. A quarter with eight hundred thousand dollars of furniture procurement looked like a business with much more revenue than it had, at a much lower true margin, because the design fee that the studio actually earns was buried inside a large pass-through number. The 41 percent margin was an artifact of mixing a service business with a purchasing operation.
Neither of these is unusual, and neither one is fraud. It is what happens when bookkeeping is set up to answer the tax question and then gets asked a management question.
The Four Passes
The work, representative of a cleanup engagement with an accounting firm that handles project-based service businesses, ran in four passes.
First, a customer deposit liability account. Retainers and advance payments now post to a liability rather than to income. Cash goes up, and so does an obligation. The balance in that account is the answer to the question the owner could not answer in August: how much of the money in the bank is already committed to work not yet delivered.
Second, client purchasing moved out of revenue. Furniture and materials bought on the client's behalf run through a pass-through arrangement rather than through the studio's income and cost of sales, so the P&L reports what the studio earns rather than what flows through it. The markup on procurement stays as revenue, because that piece is genuinely earned. The mechanically correct treatment depends on the contract terms and whether the studio is acting as principal or agent, which is a determination the accountant made per contract template rather than assuming.
Third, revenue recognized against milestones. Design fees release from the deposit liability into revenue as defined phases complete: concept, design development, documentation, procurement, installation. Imperfect, and much closer to true than cash timing.
Fourth, a project-level P&L. Each project carries its own fee, its own designer hours at a loaded rate, its own freight, and its own returns and damage costs.
What It Revealed
The restated numbers were less flattering and much more useful.
True revenue was substantially lower than reported and true gross margin on design fees was in the high twenties rather than the low forties. The business was still profitable. It was profitable at a different scale and a different shape than the owner believed.
The project-level view was where the actual finding lived. Two of five active projects were losing money, and both were losing it in the same two places: freight and damage on custom pieces, which the studio had been absorbing rather than billing, and unbilled revision rounds after client changes. The larger the project, the worse the leakage, because bigger projects meant more custom furniture and more freight exposure.
The design fee had been subsidizing the procurement operation for years. Nobody could see it because both lived in the same undifferentiated revenue line.
The Uncomfortable Part
Restating how revenue is recognized changes prior periods, and that has consequences worth stating plainly.
The prior year looked different after the change. Quarterly estimated tax calculations had been built on the old timing and needed rework. The studio's bank had a covenant tied to a revenue metric, which required a conversation the owner did not enjoy, though a lender generally responds better to a documented correction than to a discovered one.
A change in how an item is treated for tax purposes may also involve accounting method considerations, which is a technical area with its own procedures. The studio's accountant handled the analysis of whether that applied. That is not a self-service question.
Where a Project-Aware Accountant Mattered on Client Deposits
The distinction between a deposit and revenue is basic accounting. Knowing that a design studio collects retainers, buys on client behalf, absorbs freight, and needs project-level margin before it needs a prettier P&L is pattern recognition.
Purewater Financial is a New York based accounting practice, founded in 2020, that works with small business owners, venture-backed startups, real estate investors and solopreneurs. That client mix runs heavily toward businesses with project structures, milestone billing and pass-through spending, which is the fact pattern in this case study. Working with a firm that has seen deposit liabilities and client-funded purchasing before is the difference between a cleanup and a lesson in accounting theory.
The honest limits. Cleaner books did not create cash. The studio still had to reprice procurement, renegotiate freight terms with two vendors, and start billing revision rounds, and those were business decisions the accounting only made visible. Results in any engagement depend on the specific facts, the quality of the underlying records and the owner's willingness to change pricing. An accounting firm does not provide legal advice on contracts, and the principal-versus-agent question ultimately traces back to contract language a lawyer should be drafting.
If you run a project-based business and cannot say how much of your bank balance is already spoken for, that is the number to go get. You can compare firms and their verified client reviews in the Sam's List accountant directory.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are client deposits considered revenue? Generally no. A deposit or retainer collected before work is performed is an obligation to deliver, so it typically belongs in a customer deposit or deferred revenue liability account and moves to revenue as the work is earned. Recording deposits as immediate income overstates revenue in the collection period and understates it later.
How should a service business handle purchases made on behalf of clients? It depends on whether the business acts as principal or agent under the contract. When the business is effectively a pass-through, running the full purchase through revenue and cost of sales grosses up both figures and hides the true service margin. Many firms report only the earned markup as revenue and route the client-funded portion through a pass-through account. The contract terms drive the answer.
Why does my P&L look profitable when my bank account is shrinking? The two most common causes are timing and obligations. If you recognize revenue when cash arrives, profitable-looking months are often just collection months for work you still owe. Meanwhile deposits already spent, unbilled costs and rising receivables all drain cash without showing up as losses. A cash flow statement and a deposit liability balance usually explain the gap.
Do I need project-level accounting or is a monthly P&L enough? If your projects vary in size, duration or scope, a company-level P&L can be profitable while individual projects lose money, and averages hide which ones. Project-level reporting that assigns labor at a loaded rate plus direct costs like freight and rework is what tells you which work to price differently or stop taking. For businesses with uniform, short engagements, monthly reporting is often sufficient.
About the author: Kimberly Green is the cofounder of Sam's List, where business owners and high earners find vetted CPAs, financial advisors, and fractional CFOs. She's met one-on-one with 400+ financial professionals and writes from the real data behind thousands of client-advisor matches. Ask her anything about finding an accountant - she's heard it all, including the questions people are afraid to ask.